What Are the E-Bike Class 1, 2, and 3 Regulations?
E‑Bike Class 1 vs Class 2 vs Class 3: The Practical Rules (Speed, Throttle, Where You Can Ride)
In this hub: E‑Bike Laws & Safety Hub — browse the recommended reading order.
Quick definitions (bookmark this)
PeopleForBikes’ summary of the widely used class definitions: (https://www.peopleforbikes.org/electric-bikes/federal-e-bike-rulemaking)
- Class 1: pedal‑assist only, assistance stops at 20 mph
- Class 2: throttle can propel without pedaling, assistance stops at 20 mph
- Class 3: pedal‑assist only, assistance stops at 28 mph
The “which class should I buy?” decision tool
Choose Class 1 if…
- you want maximum trail/path compatibility
- you want a natural bike feel
- you ride mixed surfaces and slower groups
Choose Class 2 if…
- you want a throttle for starts, hills, or mobility reasons
- you ride mostly roads/lanes and understand throttle discipline
Choose Class 3 if…
- you commute longer distances and need 28 mph assist
- you’re comfortable riding like traffic
- you accept more restrictions on shared paths
Practical rules by class
| Topic | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assist speed | 20 mph | 20 mph | 28 mph |
| Throttle | No | Yes | Usually no |
| Best use | recreation, mixed paths | commuting + starts | longer commutes |
| Typical restriction risk | low | medium | higher |
Important: even if your state uses the 3‑class system, cities and trail managers can be stricter.
How to identify your class on the bike
1) Look for a class label sticker (many bikes include one). 2) Check the display settings: max assist speed, throttle behavior. 3) If unsure, treat it like the higher risk option (Class 2/3).
Common “class breakers” (mods that cause legal trouble)
- throttle that powers beyond 20 mph
- assist beyond 28 mph
- removing pedals or installing token pedals
- high‑power conversions marketed for speed
If you ride this way on roads, you may be treated under local rules like a motor vehicle.
A safer way to get performance without breaking class rules
- upgrade tires for grip + puncture protection
- improve braking (pads/rotors) before chasing speed
- tune cadence and gearing
- ride in a higher assist level only when needed
FAQ
Does “Class 3” mean I can always ride everywhere faster?
No. Class 3 often has more limits on shared paths. Use Class 3 where you can ride safely at traffic speeds.
Is the 750W/20 mph federal definition the same as state class rules?
Not always. Federal law defines a consumer product category; class rules are primarily state/local. (https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/2085)
Related guides (next steps)
- Is Your E‑Bike Street Legal? (Quick Test)
- Where You Can Ride an E‑Bike
- The Legalities of E‑Bikes in the U.S.
Sources
- PeopleForBikes: class definitions: https://www.peopleforbikes.org/electric-bikes/federal-e-bike-rulemaking
- 15 U.S.C. § 2085 (consumer definition): https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/2085